Asia Pacific Forum on Women, ​Law & Development
​APWLD

Planning
In early 1986 OEF International received a grant from the Ford Foundation for the purpose of organizing a preparatory process leading up to and including a WLD conference in the Asia Pacific region. The grant covered travel and conference costs, materials preparation and organizing costs. 
As a starting point, I assembled an interim regional planning committee, composed of those who had participated in the Nairobi Forum the previous year. The interim committee included:

• Radhika Coomaraswamy (Sri Lanka),
• Savitri Goonesekere (Sri Lanka),
• Farida Ariffin (Malaysia),
• Virada Somswasdi (Thailand),
• Irene Santiago (Philippines),
• Mere Pulea (Fiji),
• Ranjana Kumari, (India)
• Rani Jethmalani, (India) and
• Lotika Sarkar (India), and
• Margaret Schuler of OEF/WLD.

We met in New Delhi at the India International Centre in July 1986 to sketch out the contours of a regional conference and the raison d'être of a new organization, the Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development, its functions, structure, and program. The proposal delineated at the July meeting became the framework for further discussion and elaboration within the region over the following months. Finalization of the plan was to take place at the regional conference at the end of the year.
Reiterating the recommendations from the Nairobi WLD Forum, the committee spelled out the need for a “WLD Forum” for the Asia/Pacific region. They analyzed the most critical issues facing women and the responses by government and non-governmental organizations to those needs. Guided by this analysis, the interim committee recommended that the functions of the future Asia Pacific Forum on WWLD would be to:

• share information about substantive issues and strategies through newsletters and occasional papers;
• organize seminars at regional and sub-regional levels on topics of common interest;
• develop broader understanding of issues, improve skills, and strengthen network linkages in the form of internships and study tours for project organizers and grassroots workers;
• develop and exchange materials, methods and techniques;
• mobilize member organizations in response to both emergency situations and critical issues constituting an imminent threat to women's rights;
• monitor regional and local developments;
• develop model legislation.

 In designing the regional conference which was set for December 15-19 in the Philippines, the planning committee determined three major themes of particular relevance to the Asia Pacific region. These were:

1. the effects of law, religion, and custom on women;
2. the role of law in promoting or combatting violence toward and exploitation of women, and;
3. women's economic rights. 

They decided that workshops relating to some 12 sub-themes would be the means for assessing what was happening and what actions could be taken regionally. Pooling their shared knowledge of the region, the planning committee identified potential network members, developed a list of possible participants to the conference, and assigned a maximum number of attendees per country. In countries where there was a core group of women involved in WLD to that point, the selection of specific individuals to attend the conference was left up to them. Other individuals from countries that did not yet have a relationship with WLD were invited by the Planning Committee. In all cases, conference participants were expected to come prepared to discuss the issues related to the major themes and contribute to the discussion of the regional organization of APWLD.
​Prior to the conference we sent some 60 invitees the proposal for establishing the new regional organization and a survey of their activities and opinions regarding priorities for action and the potential role of APWLD. In preparation, these activists and academics held country level meetings where feasible to discuss the potential for the new organizaton and the issues they felt needed to be addressed. In this way, they arrived at the conference ready to fully engage. 

The Conference

​In December 1986, fifty-two women from a dozen Asian and Pacific countries—lawyers, activists and academicians—gathered together to discuss substantive and programmatic issues related to women and the law and to devise or identify effective strategies for improving women's rights in the region. The participants met first in Manila and then went by bus to a conference center in Tagaytay, a town south of Manila on the Philippine island Luzon. In this beautiful setting, on a ridge above Taal Volcano, an active volcano surrounded by Taal Lake, participants also embarked on the serious venture of establishing the Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development.
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Photos from the APWLD Conference

​( For a more complete discussion of the issues and strategies relating to the Asia region at the conference, see:  APWLD Issues and Strategies 1986)
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Substantive Discussion
For the first three days, conferees attended plenary sessions and one or more of the twelve designated workshops. They presented papers and participated in in-depth discussions about the substantive themes of 1) women’s rights and religion, 2) violence and exploitation of women and 3) economic and labor rights. Under the topic of law, religion and women’s rights, the workshops covered the following issues.

• religious influence on the law,
• the effect of religious fundamentalism on personal law,
• the dichotomy between customary and state law and
• strategies to confront regressive influences on legal systems in the region.

 Under the topic of violence and exploitation, workshops included discussion of:

• domestic violence and its causes,
• rape and sexual harassment,
• prostitution,
• reproduction as violence and
• strategies to confront each of these issues.

 Under the topic of economic and labor rights, workshop topics included:
Inheritance and matrimonial rights

• land rights,
• free trade zones
• the informal sector
• migrant workers and
• strategies to confront problems in each of these areas.

Besides spelling out the problem for women in each of these areas, they identified current or potential strategies that could be undertaken in the region.

​Establishment of APWLD
On the final day of the conference, participants proceeded with the creation of the Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law, and Development. They agreed that APWLD would primarily facilitate processes and activities designed to raise the legal status of women, especially those in disadvantaged circumstances. They drew up a set of organizing principles stating that the APWLD would be an independent and autonomous, non-governmental, non-profit organization and that membership would be open to Asian and Pacific women's NGOs com­mitted to its objectives.
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The Goal of APWLD

Empowering women in the Asia Pacific region to use the law as an instrument of social change for equality and development. ​

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The assembly framed the primary goal of APWLD as empowering women in the Asia Pacific region in the use of law as an instrument of social change for equality and development, enabling women to use law and legal institutions in furtherance of the Forum's objectives, and promoting the basic concept of human rights in the region as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

To fulfill this goal, the assembly also formulated several specific objectives:

• To work towards the development of a model code of values which reflects women's quest for equality and justice;
• To urge national governments to ratify and effectively imple­ment the U.N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1981);
• To work towards the realization of the full potential of women and their position of equality within the family structure and society;
•  To promote women's economic rights to ensure that they have equal access to all productive resources;
• To enhance women's participation and capacity to shape mac­roeconomic development strategies in their own country and in the region;
• To promote processes which will ensure women's equality in political participation;
• To facilitate and strengthen interaction among individuals, groups, and countries committed to the overall objectives;
• To share information, expertise, experiences, and resources to develop and strengthen individual and collective action;
• To express solidarity and to mobilize members of the Forum and public opinion in cases of exploitation of women and violations of their rights.

 Finally, the assembly elected a Steering Committee and gave it the mandate to set up the Secretariat and develop a program to implement the objectives. They agreed to a seven-member steering committee to be repre­sentative in both a geographical and substantive senses. Geographic representation was to be determined through a quota system in which members from the South Asia sub region would designate three of their colleagues to be on the Steering committee; the same went for the Southeast Asia sub region. One person from the Pacific was  elected by the other sub-regions. Once East Asia was better represented, it was expected that one or more would be added to the Steering Commit­tee from that sub-region.
The Steering Committee was given responsibility for guiding the development and implementation of the program and to be accountable to the membership for the faithful implementation of the functions of the Asia Pacific Forum as outlined. The committee members elected in 1986 were: Mere Pulea (Fiji), Rani Jethmalani (India), Farida Ariffin (Malaysia), Emelina Quintilian (Philippines), Asma Jahangir (Pakistan), Radhika Coomaraswamy (Sri Lanka), and Virada Somswasdi (Thailand).
At the first meeting held immediately after the conference, the APWLD steering committee discussed the tasks that needed to be done to bring the organization to frution. They asked me if I would continue to assist them in the development of the APWLD program, most immediately with proposal development, funding contacts and program planning. I agreed.
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Participants

BANGLADESH
     Roushan Jahan Women for Women
     Salma Sobhan Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) 
INDIA
     Rani Adwani Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) 
     Nandini Azad New Delhi, India
     Jyotsna Chatteiji Joint Women's Programme
     Ranjana Kumari Center for Social Research 
     Manjula Rathore Benares Hindu University 
     Josna Roy Center for Social Recearch 
     Nalini Singh Journalist 
INDONESIA
     Luisa Gandi Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Indonesia 
     Saparinah Sadli LliuWK (Women's Legal Services Project) 
     Amartiwi Saleh Legal Aid Lawyer 
     Nani Yamin LKBuWK (Women's Legal Services Project) 
JAPAN
     Miyoko Shiozawa Center for Asian Women Workers 
MALAYSIA
     Noor Farida Ariffin Association of Women Lawyers 
     Lim Kah Cheng Association of Women Lawyers 
      Irene Fernandez Women's Development Collective 
NEPAL
     Silu Singh Women's Legal Services Project, Nepal Women's Organization
     Shanta Thapalia Faculty of Law, Trihbuvan University
PACIFIC
     Shamima Ali Women's Crisis Center Suva, Fiji
     Mere Pulea Mere Pulea and Associates Republic of Nauru
PAKISTAN
     Asma Jahangir AGHS Law Associates 
     Hina jilani AGHS Law Associates 
     Rashida Patel Pakistan Women Lawyers Association
PHILIPPINES
     Alice Canonoy-Morada Dentral Visayas Regional Projects
     Marilyn Cepe BATAS (Center for People's Law) 
     Mariflor Parpan MATAGU 
     Soledad Perpinan Third World Movement Against the Exploitation of Women 
     Jing Porte Women's Center Quezon City
     Emelina Quintillan PILIPINA Legal Resources Center Davao
SRI LANKA
     Radhika Coomaraswamy International Centre for Ethnic Studies
     Nimalka Fernando National Christian Council 
     Savitri Goonesekere Faculty of Law, Open University 
     Manouri Muttetuwegama Attorney 
THAILAND
     Chantawipa Apisuk EMPOWER Bangkok
     Malee Pruekpongsawalee Faculty of Law, Thammaset University.
     Virada Somswasdi ChiangMai University, Faculty of Social Sciences 

OEF/WLD
     Margaret Schuler, WLD Program Director  
     Robin Forrest, WLD Program Associate  
     Nancy Rubin, OEF Board Member

* In addition there were observers representing the Ford Foundation and the Latin America and Africa WLD networks.

APWLD complete conference report to read or download.​

Program Development

​​Once again, like in Nairobi, with the conclusion of the process and the elaboration of a clear vision for the future, the founding members were faced with a challenge. They had laid out objectives, but there was no funding yet for the program, no office and no personnel to organize it within the region. Proposals needed to be prepared, funding secured, legal incorporation of the organization effected, staff hired, etc. A major challenge was the fact of geographical distances separating the steering committee members. They needed speedy and reliable communication among them if they were to accomplish the additional program elaboration that was required. Doing so in the era before internet when even fax wasn't yet common was challenging, indeed, and timing was a delicate matter at that point.  If action was not taken quickly, enthusiasm could wane. Donors needed confidence that the commitment to move forward was sufficiently strong to warrant their backing.
Our WLD program at OEF, of course, committed to do whatever was possible to see this through.  I approached several European donors that had funded various aspects of the development process. They said they were interested but were awaiting a proposal from APWLD. I also approached the Ford Foundation again, the major donor of the preparatory phase and the conference. To my surprise I was told, "APWLD doesn't yet have a track record. What is needed is evidence that the leadership of the organization is coalescing." Having committed a good amount of energy and time to the effort myself, I wanted to see APWLD move forward effectively. I realized that although I would play a supportive role, the steering committee of APWLD had to be fully engaged. At that moment the program proposal needed further input from the steering committee, which was difficult to achieve. The members were living in seven different countries and had full time jobs themselves.  I felt it was important to bring the group together again primarily to refine the program proposal they would advance to donors for funding. Once the proposal was in place, I was confident that donor agencies would be ready to step up. But there were no resources at that point to gather the group together again. My challenge was to find a way.
 The opportunity came in April 1987 when I was invited to travel to Philadelphia and participate in a planning group convened by the mayor’s office. They wanted to organize a series of events to commemorate the bicentennial of the US Constitution later that year, including an international conference. That sounded like an interesting prospect and I determined to get WLD-related participants invited as speakers and have their travel paid for by the city of Philadelphia. They could subsequently have their own meeting, piggy-backing on the Philadelphia conference.
 And indeed, it did work out that on my recommendation several members of the APWLD steering committee were invited by the city of Philadelphia to speak at the conference, with a commitment to cover their travel expenses.  OEF covered the slack for the others and in the end most made it to Philadelphia. The two-day Philadelphia conference itself was not very well organized and a little confusing. Some of the APWLD participants were disappointed with their panels and the quality of the discussion. Worse even, was the arrangement for accommodations. The invitees were put up in university student housing and given very little per diem.  No doubt, the Philadelphia conference commemorating the US Constitution was less than spectacular, but that was beside the point. Despite the difficulties, the people relevant to the task of building APWLD were together and able to move the organization forward during the following week. 

The Bryn Mawr Meeting
Following the conference, APWLD was the recipient of a generous gift, this one from Bryn Mawr College, a prestigious women's college located outside Philadelphia. Fortunately, it was summer and students were not in residence, so at WLD/OEF's request Bryn Mawr graciously offered the college as a venue for the APWLD meeting including lodging for all participants. So, once again, the APWLD Steering Committee was able to efficiently work together to advance its goals--even though the meeting took place half way around the world from Asia. 
​At that meeting, the constitution of APWLD was set, its program  more clearly laid out and plans for serious fund raising developed. The program they outlined had five major components.  communication, education, research, mobilization and monitoring.
​Information and Communications. This component of the program would aim at sharing information about substantive issues and strategies. The principle means to share information would be a regional newsletter containing information on the extent and scope of work relating to women's rights by women NGOs in the region and major socio-legal issues relating to women in member countries. In addition,  occasional papers, products of APWLD educational work and research, conference presentations, would be published and a comprehensive bibliography of publications (books, articles, studies, training materials, etc.) relating to the field of women, law, and development compiled.
Education and Training of WLD Activists.  The educational com­ponent of the program, designated as a priority area, proposed to develop broader understanding of the issues and strategies among its members to improve their skills, and to strengthen network linkages. This was viewed as consistent with the objectives of deepening the link between theory and practice and increasing the mobilizing capacity of the network. Educa­tional experiences aimed to take several forms.

• Seminars and workshops - These would be organized or convened around topics of common interest. Among the priority topics identified were analysis of the legal systems in the Asia Pacific region and their gender implications, evaluations of legal programs and how they affect women, social development planning, policy-making, law­making, and developing forward-looking strategies.
• Inter-organizational exchanges - Another approach to learning is the use of inter-organizational exchanges, either as study tours or internships. This was aimed primarily at the grassroots worker and project organizer.
• Exchange of materials, methods, and techniques.
• Community legal literacy - APWLD proposed to assist women throughout the region to learn more about effective approaches to legal literacy. Through workshops and training sessions APWLD participants would ac­quire skills in fostering grassroots rights awareness and action.

Research. As with education and communications, there were two prin­ciple targets for the research: substance and strategies. With regard to substance, the development of model legislation—particularly in the field of family law—had been identified from the beginning as a priority need in Asia. Research would also be undertaken to further the understanding of effec­tive strategies and approaches to overcoming legal obstacles. APWLD  proposed to facilitate the initiation of new research, specifically by 1) defining critical substantive areas needing research; 2) identifying appropriate researchers; and 3) developing funding proposals to finance this research. Finally, APWLD envisioned drawing together researchers already working in different areas in order to make the existing research relevant to the needs of the members of the Asia Pacific Forum. The following research topics were considered most important and relevant to the AP region:

• judicial decisions with gender implications;
• analysis and examination of gender and developmental im­plications of legal education and law curricula;
• socio-cultural factors affecting legal activists (why they are legal activists and the hazards/risks they take); and
• model WLD legislation in the AP region.

Mobilization. Another major function of the Asia Pacific Forum proposed was to mobilize members across the region in response to both emergency situations and critical issues that constitute an imminent threat to women's rights. This is essentially the "human rights" function. They recognized that awareness of instances of violations of women's rights was growing daily, but often the manifestations were not public even though the victims (women) are extremely vulnerable to human rights violations. The pur­pose of this component of the program is to publicize these instances and, more importantly, to mobilize the regional network to act in concert and to place pressure on the perpetrators. In addition to mobilization around emergency situations, mobiliza­tion will also be used to garner support for women struggling to change less dramatic, but deeply entrenched and rarely challenged, violations to their rights, such as certain ethnic groups or categories of workers. Also, mobilization would entail pushing for the repeal of discriminatory, oppressive laws or the passage of favorable laws.
Monitoring. Another important component proposed was monitoring of national WLD strategies in the region, including documenting the reasons for their successes and failures. This component also included monitoring the implementation of the U.N. Convention for the Elimina­tion of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
​With the proposal in good shape at this point and a program clarified, the organization was in a position to the move forward with the implementation of its vision.

Organization Development

The Steering Committee chose Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia as the venue for the regional office. The committee agreed that because of its central regional location and its cultural and religious diversity, Malaysia would be an appropriate setting from which to coordinate the programs of the Asia Pacific Forum. Also, rather than build the infrastructure for the APWLD from scratch, it was decided to link with a supportive, existing institution. Since the Women's Programme of the Asia Pacific Development Centre in Kuala Lumpur was compatible in terms of vision and approach to APWLD, it was anticipated that a substantive link between the two organizations would be feasible and advantageous. Noeleen Heyzer, Director of APDC Women's Programme, agreed to support  APWLD in its development, providing not only access to ready-made infrastructure, but guidance in its development as well. 
The steering committee offered the position of regional coordinator to one of its own members, Emelina Quintillan from the Philippines. She accepted the position and relocated to Kuala Lumpur at the end of the year, 1987, one year after the founding conference in Tagaytay. The APWLD office, which they called the secretariat, opened in January, 1988 in the Asia Pacific Development Center building, two stories up from Noeleen Heyzer's office and the APDC Women's Programme.  Shanthi Dairium, an activist with Women's Aid in Kuala Lumpur joined Emelina on staff as program associate. In my consultative role, I spent several weeks during 1988 in Kuala Lumpur assisting the fledging staff in their task of organization and program development.
During its first year the APWLD staff divided its work between institution-building activities and program implementation.  Its list of priorities for 1988 included developing effective communication between staff and  steering committee and fund-raising for the administrative expenses needed for its operation. Initially, the tasks of the secretariat centered on:

• Establishing the legal status of APWLD;
• Setting up the infrastructure (personnel, equipment,  office administrative systems, etc;
• Establishing linkages with all members of the Forum;
• Cataloging available expertise (locally and abroad) and establishing linkages;
• Identifying other agencies regionally and internationally from whom information and materials can be obtained on regular basis;
• Drawing up of detailed work plans.

Most of the administrative tasks were accomplished by mid-1988. The establishment and expansion of members of the Forum, the inventory of available expertise, the identification of and linkage with other agencies regionally and internationally were ongoing activities. As a result of the outreach activities of the staff, APWLD increased  its membership the first year by more than 100% from the original participants at the founding conference.  
In addition to gathering information and data about country situations, pertinent to threats against women's rights,  the APWLD collaborated with 25 other women's organizations filing a suit with the Supreme Court of India against 'Sati'.  In another gesture of solidarity, APWLD supported its Pakistani Steering Committee member, Asma Jahangir, who provided legal services in seeking the release of women, men, and children who were bonded  brick kiln workers in Lahore, Pakistan. With a view to awareness raising and mobilization during its first year, APWLD drafted and disseminated a resolution calling on all women to be vigilant against retrogressive policies and enjoining parliamentarians to assume their duty of safeguarding the rights won by and for women. The resolution was disseminated widely and published in newspapers and newsletters across the region. Staff and steering committee members also provided technical assistance to local organizations in developing tools for policy analysis, setting up legal literacy programs, providing advice and referrals on matters related to women and development, law and development, and women and law, and facilitating the exchange of materials and inter-organizational meetings among the members.
One of the objectives agreed to by the Assembly in Manila in 1986 was "to work towards the development of a model code of values which reflect women's quest for equality and justice" as a prerequisite to the development of a Uniform Civil Code. Towards this end, the steering committee decided to organize a regional conference that would bring together women in the Asia Pacific to draft a charter of values that would serve as guide for policies and laws affecting women.  The conference aimed to set standards that would harmonize, if not unify, policies and laws for women in the Asia Pacific region. The conference also served as an opportunity for APWLD members to personally meet and strengthen the network solidarity. 
Forty-two women from thirteen countries participated in the Code of Values Conference in Kuala Lumpur in November 1988. The conference proceeded smoothly in a highly participatory fashion. Participants contributed ideas and served as documenters and facilitators. A Charter of Values was drafted and action strategies for the consideration, recognition and adoption of the Charter were proposed by the participants. In spite of the diversity of culture, religion, and political systems, deliberations among the conferees revealed at least four bases of unity:

• Gender - particularly around the issues of male violence against women and issues around reproduction, motherhood and parenthood;
• Patriarchal relationships - particularly in the area of marriage, family, divorce, religion, and other social institutions;
• State - particularly pertaining to legal rights, property ownership, division and distinction between public and private spheres of life, and modalities of development;
• Mutual support in crisis situations - the recognition of the necessity of solidarity, mutual support and fairness.

Although it took over a year from the founding conference to the opening of the APWLD office, the first year functioning as an institution set a firm foundation for future development.  In January of 1989, Nimalka Fernando from Sri Lanka replaced Emelina as regional coordinator. That year saw a series of regional consultations and workshops aimed to clarify issues and methods. In August, a consultation in New Delhi brought together 25 women and men academics, grass-roots activists, practitioners and researchers related to alternative development and the role of legal strategies in raising critical consciousness and mobilization for bringing about social transformation. This was followed in November by two sub-regional workshops (South Asia and Southeast Asia) on Legal Literacy Strategies that Empower Women. The clarifications and key concepts arising from the August 1989 consultation provided the focus an direction for these workshops. Around fifty five women lawyers and activists from about thirty women's groups that were carrying out any legal literacy strategies either as their main agenda or as a component of their agenda attended the workshops.  Their aim was to enable the women's groups to evaluate their existing legal literacy strategies in the light of legal issues facing women and to create alternative, more effective strategies. As a result of these two workshops, the groups concerned gained a sharper realization of the issues facing women. 
I  attended the consultations and the South Asia legal literacy workshop in 1989, although my presence through OEF became less frequent. OEF and I continued to maintain a supportive relationship with APWLD. Some of the founders of APWLD would eventually be invited to be on the board of Women, Law and Development International, the organization that emerged from the OEF/WLD program and would continue to be an international WLD link with APWLD.  In the meantime, my attention turned to Africa and Latin America in their bid to establish their own regional organizations.
The Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development was off to a strong, independent, dynamic start. 
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​See APWLD today. Click on the logo to access their website.

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​Continue on to Latin America and CLADEM, the second of the networks to develop. 

APWLD

CLADEM

WILDAF

WLD International